Which of the following best describes the foundation of modern criminology since the 1800s?

The foundation of modern criminology since the 1800s is best described as a combination of rational choice and social restraint because this perspective integrates two significant factors influencing criminal behavior: individual decision-making and the impact of societal structures and norms. Rational choice theory posits that individuals make conscious choices to engage in criminal behavior based on a cost-benefit analysis. This means that criminals weigh the potential gains against the risks of being caught and punished.

At the same time, social restraint emphasizes the role of societal influences such as social norms, laws, and community standards that can deter individuals from committing crimes. This blend acknowledges that while individuals may have the capacity for rational thought and choice, their behaviors are also shaped by the environment in which they exist, including socioeconomic conditions, community cohesion, and cultural values.

Understanding criminology through this dual lens allows for a more comprehensive analysis of criminal behavior, illustrating that both individual agency and social context are crucial in addressing and preventing crime. This perspective has influenced various theories and practices within criminology, leading to more nuanced approaches in crime prevention, law enforcement, and rehabilitation policies.