Which historical figure's contributions are primarily credited with founding modern criminology?

The correct answer highlights Cesare Lombroso, who is widely regarded as a pivotal figure in the development of modern criminology. Lombroso was an Italian physician and criminologist in the late 19th century, and he is best known for his theory that criminal behavior is biologically determined. He introduced the idea of the "born criminal," suggesting that certain physical characteristics could indicate a propensity for criminality. His work laid the foundation for the discipline of criminology by systematically studying criminals and attempting to categorize them based on physical attributes, intelligence, and other factors.

Lombroso's theories prompted further research and discussion about the biological and psychological aspects of crime, influencing how society understands criminal behavior today. His contributions marked a shift from viewing crime solely as a moral failing to considering biological and social influences, which is a cornerstone of modern criminology.

Other individuals in the options have made significant contributions in various fields, but they do not have the same foundational role in criminology as Lombroso. For example, Cesare Beccaria focused on legal reform and the punishment aspect of crime, advocating for criminal justice policies that emphasized rational principles and humane treatment rather than biological factors.