Which harmful substance is primarily blamed in biological theories of crime?

Lead is primarily blamed in biological theories of crime due to its well-documented effects on brain development and behavior. Research has shown that exposure to lead, particularly in childhood, can lead to cognitive deficits, impulsivity, and aggressive behavior. These neurological impairments can influence an individual's propensity for criminal behavior, supporting the biological perspective that certain substances can alter brain function and behavioral outcomes.

Understanding the impact of lead exposure has been critical in addressing public health issues and implementing policies aimed at reducing lead in the environment, especially in urban areas where risk factors are heightened. This connection between lead exposure and increased likelihood of criminal behavior has made it a focal point in discussions regarding biological explanations for crime.

In contrast, other substances listed, while toxic and harmful, have not been as directly correlated with criminal behavior in the same way. Mercury is known for its neurological effects, but its connection to criminality is less established. Arsenic and asbestos are also harmful, primarily associated with health-related issues rather than behavioral changes that lead to crime.