When sociologists refer to "anomie," what are they mainly discussing?

When sociologists refer to "anomie," they are primarily discussing the absence of social norms and values. The concept, introduced by Émile Durkheim, describes a state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected from the collective consciousness and societal standards. This disconnection can occur during periods of significant social change or upheaval, leading to feelings of alienation and confusion about one's role in society.

In environments characterized by anomie, individuals may struggle to identify acceptable behaviors and standards, which can result in increased deviance, social instability, and a breakdown in social cohesion. For example, during economic crises or rapid social transformations, traditional norms may weaken, leaving individuals without clear guidance on how to act or engage with others.

While the other options relate to sociological discussions, they do not capture the essence of anomie. Crime rates in urban areas might be influenced by anomie but are not synonymous with it; economic inequality might lead to feelings of disconnection but does not encompass the broader concept; and psychological disorders could arise from feelings of alienation, yet they are ultimately individual experiences rather than a commentary on social structures.