What major concept related to human behavior do the philosophers of the 1700's primarily focus on?

The philosophers of the 1700s, particularly those influenced by Enlightenment thinking, primarily focused on the concept of deterrence. This period marked a significant shift in the understanding of human behavior in relation to crime and punishment. Thinkers such as Cesare Beccaria emphasized the importance of preventing crime through the threat of punishment, positing that individuals calculate the potential risks and benefits of their actions. The idea was that if the punishment was severe enough, it would deter individuals from committing crimes.

Deterrence is rooted in the belief that human beings act rationally. Therefore, if consequences for criminal behavior are clear and substantial, individuals are less likely to engage in such behaviors, viewing the costs as outweighing any potential benefits. This approach contrasts with earlier views that may have focused more on retribution or moral failings, representing a more secular and rational perspective on crime and human behavior that was evolving at the time.

While other concepts like rehabilitation and restorative justice are important, they emerged later as part of a more modern understanding of criminal behavior and justice. Social control, while relevant, is a broader concept encompassing various societal mechanisms, so the specific focus of the Enlightenment philosophers aligns more closely with deterrence in the context of criminal justice.