What is a major issue with positivist theories related to biological and psychological factors in crime?

The emphasis on separating brain function from environmental influences is a significant issue in positivist theories that focus on biological and psychological factors in crime. These theories often attempt to link criminal behavior directly to inherent biological or psychological traits, such as genetics, brain abnormalities, or mental health issues. However, this approach tends to overlook the complex interplay between an individual's biological makeup and their environment, which includes social, economic, and cultural factors that can also significantly influence behavior.

Understanding criminal behavior requires a more comprehensive view that recognizes how external factors, such as family background, peer relationships, and economic conditions, can interact with biological or psychological predispositions. By isolating biological and psychological traits from these social influences, positivist theories can present an incomplete picture of the causes of criminal behavior. Acknowledging this complexity is essential for developing effective interventions and policies that address the root causes of crime.