According to classic criminology theory, how are individuals perceived in their decision-making?

In classic criminology theory, individuals are seen as rational and calculated in their decision-making processes. This perspective emerged during the Age of Enlightenment when thinkers like Cesare Beccaria posited that humans possess free will and make conscious decisions based on a rational calculation of the potential benefits and costs associated with their actions.

This view implies that individuals weigh the possibilities of gaining pleasure or avoiding pain before committing a crime. They assess the risks of getting caught and the severity of punishments against the rewards of the criminal act. Therefore, the notion of being "rational and calculated" emphasizes the idea that people are active decision-makers who can choose to engage in criminal behavior based on a logical evaluation of their circumstances.

The idea of hedonism relates to seeking pleasure, which is a component of rational choice theory but doesn't fully capture the decision-making process emphasized by classic criminology. Determinism suggests that behavior is influenced by factors beyond an individual's control, which contradicts the concept of free will central to classic criminology. Random decision-making does not align with the rational assessment that classic criminology attributes to individuals, as it implies a lack of thought or strategy in the decision-making process.